{"id":1529,"date":"2023-12-02T19:05:41","date_gmt":"2023-12-02T17:05:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/2-5-the-middle-wall\/"},"modified":"2024-04-04T15:29:09","modified_gmt":"2024-04-04T12:29:09","slug":"2-5-the-middle-wall","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/2-the-monuments-of-servia\/2-5-the-middle-wall\/","title":{"rendered":"2.5 | The middle wall"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1529\" class=\"elementor elementor-1529 elementor-744\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a85535 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"26a85535\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ed7c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"96ed7c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba14d2c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba14d2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a92fc65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a92fc65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The inner enclosure of the fortification of Servia, also known as the middle or transverse wall, has a polygonal shape and is better preserved than the external walls of the city. It was the castle&#8217;s second line of defense, dividing Byzantine Servia into an upper and lower city. The archaeological evidence indicates that the upper city covered an area of about 20 hectares and was more sparsely populated than the lower city. The middle wall was of great height, as can be seen from its remaining parts, and was reinforced by towers at strategic points, making the upper city a safer place to concentrate the population of the lower city in the event of a siege.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The modern cobbled path leads to the partially restored tower of the middle wall that served as an entrance gate from the lower to the upper city. The building is more than 4 meters high and has an internal dimension of 4 x 4 meters, while the entrance to the upper city was through two gates of 3.5 and 2 meters wide on the northern and western sides of the tower. These openings show that only the western one was closed with a door.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During the restoration work on the middle wall, a single-space church, measuring 8,40 x 5,30 m with a portico on its north side, was discovered almost attached to the inner side of the entrance tower. The church bears interesting wall paintings, surviving only on the lower part of the walls, which, although preserved in a fragmentary state, could be dated between the 13th and 14th centuries based on iconographic and stylistic criteria. The eastern part of this chapel is formed compactly to save as much space as possible:\u00a0 the niche of the Prothesis is built into the wall, and a stone altar, plastered on all sides, is placed within the semicircular arch of the sanctuary.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f383f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f383f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d3948d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6d3948d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ENDIAMESO-TEIXOS_01-scaled.jpg\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"ENDIAMESO TEIXOS_01\" 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tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-play\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bb724a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0bb724a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-045b741 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"045b741\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c4ee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4c4ee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0395\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u0394. (1988) \u201c\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u039a\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0394\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03bf\u03b3\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac\u201d, <em>\u0391\u0395\u039c\u0398 1<\/em>, 1987. \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u03a5\u03a0\u03a0\u039f-\u03a4\u0391\u03a0\/\u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c3. 63-67.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0395\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u0394. (1997) \u201c\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u201d, <em>\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0391\u2019\u00a0 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2. <\/em>\u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1, 6-8 \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1995, \u03c3.79-84.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0395\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u0394. (1997) <em>\u039a\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0398\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2, \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/em>. \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u0391\u0394\u0391\u039c, \u03c3. 142-147.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Theologidou, K. (2005) \u201cThe castle of Servia. Historical documentation, architectural Description, pathology, proposed repair works<em>\u201d, <\/em>in <em>1st European Workshop Restoration use of the early Medieval fortifications in the east Mediterranean countries<\/em>. Veria, Byzantine Museum, 27-29 September 2003. Thessaloniki, pp. 93-109.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kontogiannis N.D. (2022) <em>Byzantine Fortifications: Protecting the Roman Empire in the East<\/em>. Yorkshire \u2013 Philadelphia: Pen &amp; Sword Books Ltd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bakirtzis, \u039d. (2010) \u201cThe Practice, Perception and Experience of Byzantine Fortification\u201d, in <em>The Byzantine World<\/em>, ed. P. Stephenson, Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge, pp. 352-371 (355)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039e\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u0391. (1957) <em>\u03a4\u03b1<\/em> <em>\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/em> <em>\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/em> <em>\u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>. \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03a3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Papayianni, I. et al. \u201cTHE FORTMED PROJECT. A Holistic Approach for the Restoration of Castles and their reuse for Socioeconomic Development of the Around Area. The Castle of Servia\u201d, in <em>Proceedings of the International Congress \u201cStudies in Ancient Structures\u201d<\/em> Yildiz Technical University \u2013 Faculty of Architecture, 9-13 July 2001, Istanbul \u2013 Turkey, pp. 889-898.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u0398. (1939) <em>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>. \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2. \u039c\u03b9\u03c7. \u03a4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u0391. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5-\u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b7, \u0392. (2009) <em>\u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7-\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf.<\/em> \u0392\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1: 11<sup>\u03b7<\/sup> \u0395\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd- \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd-\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u0394\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2, \u0393. &amp; \u00a0\u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03a3. (2019) \u201c\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u201d,<em> \u0391\u0395\u039c\u0398 28. <\/em>\u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 20-22 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2014, \u03c3. 117-128.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03a3. (2017) \u201c\u03a4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5: \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u201d, <em>\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2, \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7 (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc.)<\/em> <em>\u039a\u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, \u0391\u03c6\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf \u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u0392\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7. <\/em>\u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u039c\u03c5\u03b3\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1,<em>\u00a0 <\/em>\u03c3. 334-335.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7, \u039c. (2022) <em>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>, \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u0395\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5, \u0391. (2002) <em>\u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae K\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/em>. \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u03a4.\u0391.\u03a0.\u0391.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5a262d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c5a262d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6276b elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"3a6276b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:3,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;content_hover_animation&quot;:&quot;fade-in&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6897.webp\" 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wall, has a polygonal shape and is better preserved than the external walls of the city. It was the castle&#8217;s second line of defense, dividing Byzantine Servia into an upper and lower city. 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