{"id":1527,"date":"2023-12-02T19:06:06","date_gmt":"2023-12-02T16:06:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/2-6-the-citadel\/"},"modified":"2024-01-27T11:00:55","modified_gmt":"2024-01-27T08:00:55","slug":"2-6-the-citadel","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/2-the-monuments-of-servia\/2-6-the-citadel\/","title":{"rendered":"2.6 | The citadel"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"1527\" class=\"elementor elementor-1527 elementor-746\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a85535 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"26a85535\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96ed7c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"96ed7c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba14d2c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ba14d2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a92fc65 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a92fc65\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the upper part of the hill of Servia, the citadel occupies an area of about 2.5 acres. It has an irregular pentagonal shape, following the terrain&#8217;s topography, and is surrounded by a fortified enclosure reinforced on its sides by a series of towers of different periods on the west, north, and south. The fortification of the citadel on its eastern side is not remarkable due to the steep cliff that runs along it, while the fortified enclosure has collapsed along the entire length of the southern side.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Today, the fortified enclosure of the citadel has three standing towers and two towers in a ruinous state. A solid polygonal tower, probably of the 11th century, dominates the south side of the enclosure. In the middle of the western enclosure of the citadel, the foundation of a triangular tower-like structure was discovered. Traces of architectural remains, possibly of a tower, can also be seen in the north-eastern corner of the enclosure.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the northwestern part of the fortification enclosure of the citadel, the part that faces the upper city, there are two four-sided towers of similar layout and architecture, which, according to archaeological research, were added to the fortification of the citadel in a later phase, around the middle of the 14th century. The western tower, the restoration of which was completed in 2023, is located in the west corner of the citadel. It is quadrilateral with a roughly rectangular plan, with dimensions of 7 \u00d7 7 m, a side thickness of 1,3 m, and a height of about 17 m. It is built of rows of carved stones on the tower&#8217;s facades and filled with rough stones inside, with good-quality lime mortar as a binding material. A particular feature of the facades is the extensive use of bricks in irregular rows. The tower is three-story and wooden floors defined each one of them. The northern tower has similar morphological characteristics which can be found in a series of 14th-century towers in Macedonia. The towers&#8217; construction can, therefore, be associated either with the occupation of Servia by Stefan Dusan in 1341 and the care he took to strengthen the fortification of Servia, a tactic he also followed in other castles he occupied, or by Ioannis Kantakouzenos, who took possession of Servia after 1350.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Inside the citadel, traces of architectural structures that served its military and administrative functions are still visible. The excavation data revealed evidence of the settlement layout inside the northern side of the fortified citadel enclosure that was developed after the construction of the walls. In particular, the remains of six single-story buildings, possibly used as military quarters, warehouses, or stables, have come to light. At the same time, movable finds suggest the existence of a pottery workshop within the citadel.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f383f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1f383f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d3948d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6d3948d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391_\u0391\u039a\u03a1\u039f\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0397_1.webp\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391 \u0391\u039a\u03a1\u039f\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0397 1\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391 \u0391\u039a\u03a1\u039f\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0397 1\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTMwMiwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2J5emFudGluZXNlcnZpYS5nclwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTJcL1x1MDM5YVx1MDM5MVx1MDNhM1x1MDNhNFx1MDNhMVx1MDM5MV9cdTAzOTFcdTAzOWFcdTAzYTFcdTAzOWZcdTAzYTBcdTAzOWZcdTAzOWJcdTAzOTdfMS53ZWJwIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1169\" height=\"826\" src=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391_\u0391\u039a\u03a1\u039f\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0397_1.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-1302\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391_\u0391\u039a\u03a1\u039f\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0397_1.webp 1169w, https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391_\u0391\u039a\u03a1\u039f\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0397_1-300x212.webp 300w, https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391_\u0391\u039a\u03a1\u039f\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0397_1-1024x724.webp 1024w, https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/\u039a\u0391\u03a3\u03a4\u03a1\u0391_\u0391\u039a\u03a1\u039f\u03a0\u039f\u039b\u0397_1-768x543.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1169px) 100vw, 1169px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a67ce10 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"a67ce10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;hosted&quot;,&quot;show_image_overlay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;image_overlay&quot;:{&quot;url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/byzantineservia.gr\\\/wp-content\\\/uploads\\\/2023\\\/12\\\/19.jpg&quot;,&quot;id&quot;:1424,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;alt&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;source&quot;:&quot;library&quot;},&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-hosted-video elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<video class=\"elementor-video\" src=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DJI_0019_1.mp4\" controls=\"\" preload=\"metadata\" controlsList=\"nodownload\"><\/video>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay\" style=\"background-image: url(https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/19.jpg);\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-custom-embed-play\" role=\"button\" aria-label=\"Play Video\" tabindex=\"0\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<i aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"eicon-play\"><\/i>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bb724a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"0bb724a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-045b741 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"045b741\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Bibliography<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4c4ee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a4c4ee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ac\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2, \u0392. (1973) <em>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0394\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac \u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u0395\u03b2\u03bb\u03b9\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac \u03a4\u03c3\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03bc\u03c0\u03ae.\u00a0 <\/em>\u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03a3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0395\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u0394. (1988) \u201c\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u039a\u03b5\u03bd\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0394\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, \u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03bf\u03b3\u03bb\u03b5\u03bd\u03ac\u201d, <em>\u0391\u0395\u039c\u0398 1<\/em>, 1987. \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u03a5\u03a0\u03a0\u039f-\u03a4\u0391\u03a0\/\u0391\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c4\u03ad\u03bb\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03ae\u03bc\u03b9\u03bf \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2, \u03c3. 63-67.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0395\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u0394. (1997) \u201c\u03a4\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u201d, <em>\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u0391\u2019\u00a0 \u03a0\u03b1\u03bd\u03c3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03ce\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03c5\u03bd\u03b5\u03b4\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b3\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c4\u03b7\u03bd \u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c0\u03c4\u03c5\u03be\u03b7 \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c7\u03ae\u03c2. <\/em>\u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1, 6-8 \u039f\u03ba\u03c4\u03c9\u03b2\u03c1\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 1995, \u03c3.79-84.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0395\u03c5\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5, \u0394. (1997) <em>\u039a\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u0398\u03c1\u03ac\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2, \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u039a\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03ba\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03af\u03b1<\/em>. \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u0391\u0394\u0391\u039c, \u03c3. 142-147.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Theologidou, K. (2005) \u201cThe castle of Servia. Historical documentation, architectural Description, pathology, proposed repair works<em>\u201d, <\/em>in <em>1st European Workshop Restoration use of the early Medieval fortifications in the east Mediterranean countries<\/em>. Veria, Byzantine Museum, 27-29 September 2003. Thessaloniki, pp. 93-109.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7, \u03a6. (2010) <em>\u039f\u03b9 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03af \u03bf\u03b9\u03ba\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03af \u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1 \u03bc\u03ad\u03c3\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c0\u03cc \u03c4\u03b1 \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03ba\u03ac \u03b4\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03bd\u03b1, 4\u03bf\u03c2 &#8211; 15\u03bf\u03c2 \u03b1\u03b9\u03ce\u03bd\u03b1\u03c2<\/em>. \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: University Studio Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Kontogiannis N.D. (2022) <em>Byzantine Fortifications: Protecting the Roman Empire in the East<\/em>. Yorkshire \u2013 Philadelphia: Pen &amp; Sword Books Ltd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Koutsianou S. &amp; Tsampouras, T., (in print) \u201cThe Towers of the Citadel in Servia: Morphology, Function, and Chronology\u201d, in <em>Online International Conference on Byzantine, Western and Post-Byzantine Towers (10th-16th centuries), <\/em>18-20 November 2022.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039c\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c2, \u039c. (1956) <em>\u03a4\u03b1 \u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1<\/em>. \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2 \u2018Pantotyp\u2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039c\u03bf\u03c5\u03c4\u03c3\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u039d.\u00a0 (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc.) (1980) <em>\u03a0\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03bf\u03b9 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/em>. \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd\u00a0 \u038a\u03b4\u03c1\u03c5\u03bc\u03b1 \u03a0\u03b1\u03c4\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u039c\u03b5\u03bb\u03b5\u03c4\u03ce\u03bd, \u03c3. 76-97<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bakirtzis, \u039d. (2010) \u201cThe Practice, Perception and Experience of Byzantine Fortification\u201d, in <em>The Byzantine World<\/em>, ed. P. Stephenson, Abingdon, Oxford: Routledge, pp. 352-371 (355)<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Bogdanovi\u0107, J. (2012) \u201cLife in a Late Byzantine Tower: Examples from Northern Greece\u201d, \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf <em>M.J. Johnson, R. Ousterhout &amp; A. Papalexandrou (<\/em><em>\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc<\/em><em>.), Approaches to Byzantine Architecture and its Decoration. Studies in honor of Slobodan \u0106ur\u010di\u0107<\/em>. Farnham: Ashgate, pp. 187-202.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u039e\u03c5\u03b3\u03b3\u03cc\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2, \u0391. (1957) <em>\u03a4\u03b1<\/em> <em>\u03bc\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/em> <em>\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd<\/em> <em>\u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>. \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u0395\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ce\u03bd \u03a3\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03b4\u03ce\u03bd.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Papayianni, I. et al. \u201cTHE FORTMED PROJECT. A Holistic Approach for the Restoration of Castles and their reuse for Socioeconomic Development of the Around Area. The Castle of Servia\u201d, in <em>Proceedings of the International Congress \u201cStudies in Ancient Structures\u201d<\/em> Yildiz Technical University \u2013 Faculty of Architecture, 9-13 July 2001, Istanbul \u2013 Turkey, pp. 889-898.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a0\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03af\u03bf\u03c5, \u0398. (1939) <em>\u03a4\u03bf \u03bc\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03bd \u03c6\u03c1\u03bf\u03cd\u03c1\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>. \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u03a4\u03cd\u03c0\u03bf\u03b9\u03c2. \u039c\u03b9\u03c7. \u03a4\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b1\u03c6\u03c5\u03bb\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2, \u0391. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039a\u03b1\u03bb\u03c4\u03b1\u03c0\u03b1\u03bd\u03af\u03b4\u03bf\u03c5-\u03a0\u03c5\u03c1\u03bf\u03b2\u03ad\u03c4\u03c3\u03b7, \u0392. (2009) <em>\u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae \u03c0\u03cc\u03bb\u03b7-\u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf. \u0394\u03b9\u03b1\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bc\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03c7\u03c1\u03cc\u03bd\u03bf.<\/em> \u0392\u03ad\u03c1\u03bf\u03b9\u03b1: 11<sup>\u03b7<\/sup> \u0395\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd- \u03a5\u03c0\u03bf\u03c5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b5\u03af\u03bf \u03a0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03bf\u03cd-\u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1 \u0394\u03c5\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae\u03c2 \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a3\u03b1\u03b2\u03b9\u03bb\u03bb\u03c9\u03c4\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2, \u039a. (1999) <em>\u03a4\u03b1 \u0392\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u039c\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ac \u039c\u03bd\u03b7\u03bc\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>. \u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1: \u039c\u03bf\u03c1\u03c6\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03cc\u03c2 \u038c\u03bc\u03b9\u03bb\u03bf\u03c2 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd \u2018\u03a4\u03b1 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u2019.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a3\u03c4\u03b1\u03bb\u03af\u03b4\u03b7\u03c2, \u0393. &amp; \u00a0\u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03a3. (2019) \u201c\u0391\u03bd\u03b1\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03c6\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03c5\u03bd\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd. \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03ba\u03ad\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3\u03b5\u03b9\u03c2 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03ac\u03c3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1\u201d,<em> \u0391\u0395\u039c\u0398 28. <\/em>\u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 20-22 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2014, \u03c3. 117-128.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03ac\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u03a3. (2017) \u201c\u03a4\u03c5\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ce\u03bd \u03c0\u03cd\u03c1\u03b3\u03c9\u03bd \u03c3\u03b5 \u03bf\u03c7\u03c5\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2 \u03c0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b2\u03cc\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03b2\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03bf\u03b5\u03bb\u03bb\u03b1\u03b4\u03b9\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd \u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5: \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03c0\u03c1\u03ce\u03c4\u03b7 \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c3\u03ad\u03b3\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03b7\u201d, <em>\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf \u0392\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03bb\u03ae\u03c2, \u039a\u03b1\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03b9\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b7 (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc.)<\/em> <em>\u039a\u03c4\u03af\u03c4\u03c9\u03c1, \u0391\u03c6\u03b9\u03ad\u03c1\u03c9\u03bc\u03b1 \u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03b4\u03ac\u03c3\u03ba\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf \u0393\u03b5\u03ce\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bf \u0392\u03b5\u03bb\u03ad\u03bd\u03b7. <\/em>\u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u039c\u03c5\u03b3\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1,<em>\u00a0 <\/em>\u03c3. 334-335.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03ac\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b7, \u039c. (2022) <em>\u0397 \u03ba\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd<\/em>, \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: \u0395\u03c6\u03bf\u03c1\u03b5\u03af\u03b1 \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03b9\u03bf\u03c4\u03ae\u03c4\u03c9\u03bd \u03a0\u03b5\u03c1\u03b9\u03c6\u03ad\u03c1\u03b5\u03b9\u03b1\u03c2 \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7\u03c2.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a4\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b9\u03c0\u03ac\u03ba\u03bf\u03c5, \u0391. (2002) <em>\u03a3\u03ad\u03c1\u03b2\u03b9\u03b1, \u03bc\u03b9\u03b1 \u03b2\u03c5\u03b6\u03b1\u03bd\u03c4\u03b9\u03bd\u03ae K\u03b1\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03bb\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03af\u03b1<\/em>. \u0391\u03b8\u03ae\u03bd\u03b1: \u03a4.\u0391.\u03a0.\u0391.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u0106ur\u010di\u0107 Sl. \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a7\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03b7\u03c4\u03c1\u03cd\u03c6\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2, \u0395. (\u03b5\u03c0\u03b9\u03bc.) (1997) <em>\u039a\u03bf\u03c3\u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03b1\u03b9\u03c9\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u0391\u03c1\u03c7\u03b9\u03c4\u03b5\u03ba\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd\u03b9\u03ba\u03ae \u03c3\u03c4\u03b1 \u0392\u03b1\u03bb\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03b9\u03b1, 1300-1500 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 \u03b7 \u03b4\u03b9\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c1\u03b7\u03c3\u03ae \u03c4\u03b7\u03c2<\/em>. \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7: University Studio Press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u03a7\u03b5\u03b9\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03cd\u03bb\u03bf\u03c5, <em>\u039c. \u03a7\u03b1\u03c4\u03b6\u03b7\u03bc\u03b9\u03c7\u03ac\u03bb\u03b7, \u03a3. \u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5, \u0391. \u039a\u03bf\u03cd\u03c4\u03c3\u03b9\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03c5<\/em> (\u03c5\u03c0\u03cc \u03ad\u03ba\u03b4\u03bf\u03c3\u03b7) \u2018\u0397 \u03b2\u2019 \u03c6\u03ac\u03c3\u03b7 \u03b1\u03c0\u03bf\u03ba\u03b1\u03c4\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b7\u03c2 \u03c4\u03bf\u03c5 \u03ba\u03ac\u03c3\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c5 \u03a3\u03b5\u03c1\u03b2\u03af\u03c9\u03bd\u2019<em>,<\/em> <em>\u0391\u0395\u039c\u0398 <\/em>30. \u0398\u03b5\u03c3\u03c3\u03b1\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03ba\u03b7 9-11 \u039c\u03b1\u03c1\u03c4\u03af\u03bf\u03c5 2017.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5a262d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c5a262d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a6276b elementor-widget elementor-widget-gallery\" data-id=\"3a6276b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;columns&quot;:3,&quot;gap&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:30,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;lazyload&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;gallery_layout&quot;:&quot;grid&quot;,&quot;columns_tablet&quot;:2,&quot;columns_mobile&quot;:1,&quot;gap_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;gap_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:10,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;link_to&quot;:&quot;file&quot;,&quot;aspect_ratio&quot;:&quot;3:2&quot;,&quot;overlay_background&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;content_hover_animation&quot;:&quot;fade-in&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery__container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6868.webp\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3a6276b\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"DSC 6868\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"DSC 6868\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTMwMSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2J5emFudGluZXNlcnZpYS5nclwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTJcL0RTQ182ODY4LndlYnAiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzYTYyNzZiIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6868.webp\" data-width=\"2100\" data-height=\"1400\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6860.webp\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3a6276b\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"DSC 6860\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"DSC 6860\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTMwMCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2J5emFudGluZXNlcnZpYS5nclwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTJcL0RTQ182ODYwLndlYnAiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzYTYyNzZiIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6860.webp\" data-width=\"1400\" data-height=\"2100\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6841.webp\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3a6276b\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"DSC 6841\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"DSC 6841\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTI5OSwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2J5emFudGluZXNlcnZpYS5nclwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTJcL0RTQ182ODQxLndlYnAiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzYTYyNzZiIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6841.webp\" data-width=\"2100\" data-height=\"1400\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6837.webp\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3a6276b\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"DSC 6837\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"DSC 6837\" data-e-action-hash=\"#elementor-action%3Aaction%3Dlightbox%26settings%3DeyJpZCI6MTI5OCwidXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6XC9cL2J5emFudGluZXNlcnZpYS5nclwvd3AtY29udGVudFwvdXBsb2Fkc1wvMjAyM1wvMTJcL0RTQ182ODM3LndlYnAiLCJzbGlkZXNob3ciOiIzYTYyNzZiIn0%3D\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-gallery-image elementor-gallery-item__image\" data-thumbnail=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6837.webp\" data-width=\"1400\" data-height=\"2100\" aria-label=\"\" role=\"img\" ><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-gallery-item__overlay\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"e-gallery-item elementor-gallery-item elementor-animated-content\" href=\"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/12\/DSC_6817.webp\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"yes\" data-elementor-lightbox-slideshow=\"3a6276b\" data-elementor-lightbox-title=\"DSC 6817\" data-elementor-lightbox-description=\"DSC 6817\" 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2.5 acres. It has an irregular pentagonal shape, following the terrain&#8217;s topography, and is surrounded by a fortified enclosure reinforced on its sides by a series of towers of different periods on the west, north, and south. The fortification [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1301,"parent":1551,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1527","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","things-2-ta-mnimeia-ton-servion"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1527","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1527"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1527\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1528,"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1527\/revisions\/1528"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1551"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1301"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/byzantineservia.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1527"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}